Stonehenge1 Essay Example For Students

Stonehenge1 Essay Behind every great structure in the world, there are the people who made them, and who took the time and effort to design them. Those who made Stonehenge succeeded in creating an incredibly complex and mysterious structure that lived on long after its creators were dead. The many aspects of Stonehenge and the processes by which it was built reveal much about the intelligence and sophistication of the civilizations that designed and built the monument, despite the fact that it is difficult to find out who exactly these people were. They have left very little evidence behind with which we could get a better idea of their everyday lives, their culture, their surroundings, and their affairs with other peoples. The technology and wisdom that are inevitably required in constructing such a monument show that these prehistoric peoples had had more expertise than expected. We will write a custom essay on Stonehenge1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The planning and assembling of Stonehenge took a very long time (about one thousand years, from 2800 BC to 1500 BC*), and not one but many different groups of people were involved in the process. How they came about plays an important role in understanding them. Some of the first men to come to England that are connected to the Stonehenge builders came when the ice blocking Britain and France melted around 10,000 BC (Souden, 104). After them, many more groups of people came from the mainland, and had great influence on those already living there. The first group involved in the building of Stonehenge was the Windmill Hill people. These people were semi nomadic farmers, mainly just keeping their flocks of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs, and growing wheat, who had arrived as some of the last Neolithic (or New Stone Age, 4300 2200 BC) newcomers in England. Not only were they farmers they also hunted, mined flint, made and traded axes, and could almost be called industrialists. The Windmill Hill people had a very strong religion with a great respect for their dead and their ancestors. They have exceptional collective graves, in the form of long barrows, or long manmade piles of dirt, sometimes 300 feet long. Many riches such as food, tools, and pottery were buried with the dead (Hawkins, 36). The next group to contribute to Stonehenge was the Beaker people, known for the beaker-like pottery they would frequently bury with their dead. These people did not practice the ritual of collective burials, rather single or double burials, and the dead were accompanied by more weapons such as daggers and axes. These single burials were in the form of round barrows. The Beaker people were well organized, active, and powerful, and also probably more territorial (Hawkins, 36). They practiced commerce with other cultures, and their graves give an impression of there being an aristocracy in the society (Niel, 84). The last major group to put time into the construction of Stonehenge was the Wessex culture group. They arrived on Salisbury plain around 1400 BC, and were involved in building the most prominent part of Stonehenge- the great stone circles (Niel, 86). These people were well organized, and probably less aggressive than their predecessors, while more industrious. The people of Wessex were less concerned with war than they were with art, peace, and trade. In the graves of their chieftains (the only members of society who were preserved for afterlife), were goods such as daggers, bows, and various other ornaments. Their access to such treasures can perhaps be attributed to their great international traders who probably traded with people from the Mediterranean Sea area (Hawkins, 37). They built the final phase of Stonehenge, and perhaps brought about many cultural changes to the monument such as giving the monument visual magnificence and more astronomical precision (Service + Bradbery, 255). It is necessary, in order to understand the complexity involved in the assembling of Stonehenge, to know the process by which and the environment in which the monument was built. By the time Stonehenge was built, the landscape around the area on Salisbury Plain was rather open with more farmland and grazing land, and less forest. Underneath the first few feet of soil on Salisbury Plain there was a substantial layer of hard chalk, which made building rudimentary structures somewhat easier for the people of the era. The first phase in building Stonehenge was that of the earth monument, which consisted of a circular bank of dirt (originally about 6 feet tall, now barely 2 feet tall) with a ditch running along the outside of the bank. There are two breaks in the ditch and bank, forming two entrances, and in addition there are 56 Aubrey Holes, named for John Aubrey, their discoverer, in a circle just inside the earth bank (Souden, 30). This first phase, Stonehenge I, built by the Windmill Hill people, took from about 2950 to 2900 BC to construct. Slightly more detailed than the first, the second phase of building Stonehenge involved the creation of a wooden monument. The postholes scattered about the floor of the monument are evidence for this stage. There seem to have been a roughly corridor shaped structure at the southern entrance of the earth monument, and a more detailed setting around the northeastern entrance (Souden, 32). The Avenue, made up of a pair of long, straight, and parallel ditches , was also said to have been part of this second phase of Stonehenge. Stonehenge II could be credited to the Beaker people, approximately betweens the years 2800 and 2300 BC. .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postImageUrl , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:visited , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active { border:0!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:active , .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965 .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94f669a1477cc4ef83daa7f5fc6c6965:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multicultural Education EssayThe third and most impressive stage of the monument is that of the stone monument. Since the building of this phase extended from about 2500 to 1600 BC, it was the longest and most complex of the three, and was so divided up into six sub phases. First in the sequence was the arrival of the bluestones (the first, and smaller, type of stone involved in Stonehenge III), and then the arrival of the sarsen stones (the larger, bulkier stones in Stonehenge III), followed by a possible bluestone arrangement, then the stones were erected to their final settings (after a little rearranging), and finally small holes called the X and Y holes were dug aroun d the outside of the stone circles (Souden, 35). The builders of Stonehenge III were the people of the Wessex Culture, most likely in alliance with other peoples. It is understandable, through all of the complexity shown in the monument, that it many long hours to build and much patience and persistence to complete the construction. The bluestones had to be carried 200 to 250 miles from their source in the Prescelly Mountains back to the Stonehenge site. They were probably carried by waterways for most of the route because waterways are safer, quicker, and less difficult. One probably route was that the stones would be dragged to the coast nearest the Prescelly Mountains, then along the coast of the Bristol Channel, and then into the river systems of England, to the Stonehenge Avenue, and then the stones may have been carried up the Avenue toward the monument. (Hawkins, 65). The most simple was to transport the stones over land is by having a crew of men to haul the stones on rollers. Similar transport methods were used for the sarsen stones, however their location was much more close as the source of the sarsen stone was in the Marlborough Do wns, only about 20 miles north of Stonehenge. There was somewhat of a clear land path for these stones to be carried on, so water transport was minimum. But these stones weighed about 30 tons each, and hauling these stones over 20 miles of hills could have easily used a total of 1,000 men and 7 years to be completed (Hawkins, 66). The sarsen stones were put into large holes in the ground, and joined to their lintels by a mortise-and-tenon joint, and the lintels joined to each other (in the outer circle) with a tongue-and-groove joint (Souden, 88). Much organization skills are needed to coordinate such a large number of men to perform the physical labor of constructing such a monument. The effort put into fabricating this monument is incomparable to anything that would be done today. When all of the constructing, refining, and arranging was finished, the resulting structure was extraordinary.There is an outermost circle (still considerably inside the ditch and bank) of 30 of the sarsen stones, each averaging 13 feet 6 inches tall (Niel, 28), and each connected by a lintel stone to each stone on either side. Just inside that circle of sarsens is a circle of bluestones, smaller stones which are usually not too much more than 6 feet tall. Inside of the bluestone circle is the trilithon horseshoe, or a horseshoe-shaped setting of sarsens in trilithons, or two sarsens standing next to each other with one lintel across the top. The open end of the horseshoe faces the northeast. Inside the trilithon horseshoe is a bluestone horseshoe. Inside the bluestone horseshoe, somewhat towards the center, is the altar stone, which might not have been used for that purpose. At the entrance to the monument, the heel stone stands just south of the line that runs down the center of th e avenue, and not far off lies the slaughter stone, laying on the ground in the break of the circular bank. There are four station stones just inside the earth bank- one that points north, one that points to the south, and two that together make a line perpendicular to the axis of the avenue. The faces of all of the sarsen stones were dressed and shaped, and they were mostly given a convex shape to exaggerate the impression of grandeur one gets when looking up at the monuments. Being that there is little evidence for what Stonehenge could have been created, other than the people buried in and what we directly observe about the monument, there have been many hypotheses about its purpose, and many of these hypotheses seem to be appropriate. Among the most accepted of these conjectures is that the stone monument was meant to be a temple, a burial ground, and, seemingly the most apparent of these, a solar/lunar observatory. The main entrance of Stonehenge that has the Avenues opening, towards which the entire stone monument is situated, points directly at the sunrise on the summer solstice. When standing in the center of the monument, on the longest day of the year, one can see the sun rise directly over the heel stone. This seems to force a viewer to notice the sunrise on the longest day of the year. The original four station stones placed around the circle make many alignments to point to rise and set points of the sun and moon on winter and summer solstices. Noteworthy is that the combination of sun and moon solstice rise and set points could only be collectively arranged in a perfect rectangle at the latitude at which Stonehenge is situated. A few miles north or south and the combination would have to be a parallelogram. (Cohen, 8). In addition to the station stone alignments, each trilithon in the center horseshoe corresponds to certain alignments, as there are two sunset trilithons, a sunrise trilithon, and two for lunar alignments. (Hawkins, 109). Not only does this show that the builders and planners of Stonehenge had a great regard for the heavens, but also that they had great knowledge of geometry and science to be able to find exact angle measurements and proportions. .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postImageUrl , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:visited , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active { border:0!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:active , .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u922a73e19a3872c70c41a9fd3ae567fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay about The Success Of President Obama EssayIt can also be seen that the Aubrey Holes could be used as a system of predicting eclipses. The 56 Aubrey Holes correspond to 3 cycles of the moons orbital wobble (The moons orbit wobbles in cycles of 18.66 years) and these could be used to line up with various solar alignments in Stonehenge to predict when the sun and moon would be at the same point in the sky. (White, 194). By a system of moving three markers around the 56 positions of the Aubrey holes, when all three were in the same spot, an eclipse was to occur. (Dimitrikopoulos, file: enigma.cfm). Within places in Stonehenge, such as the Aubrey Holes and the outer ditch , cremation remains of almost hundreds of people were found. This infers that Stonehenge was used as a primary burial site in the Stone and Bronze Ages*. Remarkable is that a great amount of cremations were found on the southeast side of the circle, which is where the moon rises at its most southerly point (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The many cultures of the Neolithic and Bronze ages seemed to have a preoccupation with death and the afterlife, and consequently took great regard to having the dead buried properly. In addition, since it is not possible to give each member of a society a proper burial in such a small area, the people must have had a hierarchical society in which some individuals had precedence over others for a glorious afterlife. As a place of worship, Stonehenge shows much detail and substance. Many of the celestial alignments put focus on things that are greater and more eternal than human beings, and these things could very well be the basis of the religion of the prehistoric cultures in the area. When seen from above, the lintels on the outer sarsen circle form a perfect circle that is impeccably level with the ground. Since this cannot be appreciated by people standing on the ground, it seems as if it is meant to be seen by someone above. (Niel, 33). The fixation with death and the afterlife among the peoples of Salisbury Plain seems to be a religion in itself. Perhaps the sun and moon gods, in being born and dying within their own cycles of rising and setting (and especially the moons cycle of growing dark and then bright again), could aid the soul of the human in being reborn in the afterlife. (Bragard, Ancient Voices). The strategy for showing their gods of their worth was clearly well thought-out and well planned by the builders and peoples of the Stone Age. The complexity and intelligence of the peoples of Stonehenge can also be seen in surrounding monuments created by them and their neighbors. Most of the enclosures and round barrows in the vicinity of Stonehenge were created for burial purposes, with one or two people buried within them, usually accompanied by valuables such as daggers, pottery, and in some cases, gold ornaments (Souden, 44). These treasures often represent high status or high political position, indicating a structured government and system of beliefs that the cultures of Salisbury Plain possessed. Stonehenge represents the evolving and changing society of prehistoric times that gradually changed into a well-developed society with rulers, priests, and a working and farming class, as well as relations with other cultures from far away with which to engage in trade and associate. The idea that men from the Stone Age were unintelligent, ill-mannered barbarians is far from the truth in the case of Stonehenge. The cultures of Windmill Hill, the Beaker people, and Wessex all thoroughly demonstrate organized systems and communities of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Ancient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197. Bibliography:BIBLIOGRAPHYAncient Voices: The Secret of Stonehenge. Dir. Jean-Claude Bragard. Narrator Mark Hammil. Videocassette. BBC/Time Life, 1998. Cohen, I.L. The Secret of Stonehenge. Greenvale, NY: New Research Publications, Inc., 1977. Dimitrakopoulos, Sandra. (2000). Mystic Places: Stonehenge, Online}. Available HTTP: http://exn.ca/mysticplaces/stonehenge.cfm. Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Mackie, Euan. The Megalith Builders. Oxford: Phaidon Press Ltd., 1977. Niel, Fernand. The Mysteries of Stonehenge. New York: Avon Books, 1975. Service, Alastair, and Jean Bradbery. Megaliths and Their Mysteries. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1979. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1997. White, John B. Afterword. Stonehenge Decoded. By Gerald S. Hawkins. New York: Doubleday, 1965. 191-197.

Youdao - An excellent free online Chinese dictionary

Youdao - An excellent free online Chinese dictionary As a learner of Mandarin Chinese, its sometimes frustrating that there seem to be no good dictionaries around. When compared with other major languages (especially English), dictionaries in Chinese are often very hard to read and often lack information we expect to be there, such as indications of how a word is used and example sentences. One excellent exception: Youdao.com. æÅ"‰é â€œ (Youdao.com) To use this dictionary, go to the main page and click the drop-down menu in the leftmost part of the search field where it says ç ½â€˜Ã© ¡ µ (wÇŽngyà ¨) websites and select è ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (cà ­diÇŽn) dictionary instead. You can also go directly to the dictionary via dict.youdao.com. Once there, just search for words in English or Chinese. If you input only Pinyin, it will still try to guess the word in Chinese.. Once you have found the word youre looking for, you have three options (tabs) to choose from: ç ½â€˜Ã§ »Å"释ä ¹â€° (wÇŽnglà ¹ shà ¬yà ¬) internet explanation - Here you can choose between many suggested translations and see how they are defined elsewhere on the internet. The explanations are mostly in Chinese, so if you feel that this is too hard, just look for English words.ä ¸â€œÃ¤ ¸Å¡Ã©â€¡Å Ã¤ ¹â€° (zhuÄ nyà ¨ shà ¬yà ¬) professional explanation - This doesnt mean that the definitions are professional, but that they refer to specialized language for a certain area of study or expertise. For instance, you can show answers related to engineering, medicine, psychology, linguistics and so on. Great for translation work!æ ±â€°Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¨ ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (hnyÇ” cà ­diÇŽn) Chinese dictionary - Sometimes, English explanations just arent enough and you need to go to a Chinese-Chinese dictionary. As explained earlier, this can be very daunting for students and you might be better of asking someone for help. The fact that this option is here makes the dictionary much more useful for advanced students, though. Below the explanations, you will find definitions of the word, often from 21ä ¸â€"ç º ªÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨ ¯ Ã¥â€¦ ¸ (21shà ¬jà ¬ d yÄ «nghn cà ­diÇŽn) The 21st Century Unabridged English-Chinese Dictionary. There are also translations of phrases in which the keyword appears, another feature that many dictionaries lack. Next, you can either display è ¯ Ã§ »â€žÃ§Å¸ ­Ã¨ ¯ ­ (cà ­zÇ” dunyÇ”) compounds and phrases or Ã¥ Å'è ¿â€˜Ã¤ ¹â€°Ã¨ ¯  (tà ³ngjà ¬nyà ¬cà ­) synonyms and near-synonyms. Bilingual Example Sentences Last but certainly not least, there is a section called Ã¥ Å'è ¯ ­Ã¤ ¾â€¹Ã¥  ¥ (shuÄ ngyÇ” là ¬jà ¹) bilingual example sentences. As the name implies, you can find numerous sentences in both Chinese and English, which is by far the best way to quickly figure out how a word is used in Chinese (going on basic definitions often wont work). Note that it only displays the first three sentences by default, click æ› ´Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ Å'è ¯ ­Ã¤ ¾â€¹Ã¥  ¥ (gà ¨ngduÃ…  shuÄ ngyÇ” là ¬jà ¹) more bilingual example sentences to see the rest.

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Litigation and Midwifery - Essay Example Knowledge on which persons are allowed to file a claim, which places can the claims be filed, the time that the claim has to be filed, and how the claim is to be filed is also necessary. There exist several types of litigation. These include business litigation, commercial litigation, public interest litigation, personal injury litigation, mesothelioma litigation, civil litigation, and patent litigation (Laws.com, 2011). Business litigation refers to a particular field of law that handles disputes that arise between businesses and individuals or between two businesses. The law states that all businesses ought to operate under a specified code of ethics while at the same time carry out practices that are legal. A business may fail to operate legally and in the process result in the loss of finances by a client or harming the client. Such a client has the legal right to file for business litigation. In many instances, such cases essentially seek financial settlement. A criminal sentenc e may be awarded in some cases for the immoral conduct by the business entity (Laws.com, 2011). Commercial litigation refers to an area of law that is concerned with disputes that involve commercial companies or businesses. In most cases, the legal disputes that fall under this category are usually with regard to disagreements between the companies. This type of litigation focuses on legal disputes that may be emanating from drafting of contracts, mergers between companies, and real estate laws. The companies may disagree on management of property and finances. In most of the cases an out of the court solution is sought by the litigators and litigants (Laws.com, 2012). Public litigation refers to an area of law to covers all wrong-doings, incidents, and /or legal situations that affect the community’s well being. Interestingly this type of litigation is initiated by the court. The court system is responsible for initiating this legal proceeding. Although many view it as a rel atively new type of litigation, it has featured prominently in environmental law practice. Any action taken by an individual or by a corporation that results in inhibiting a particular society’s progress or damages a necessity is punishable under this type of litigation. Public Interest Litigation is an attempt to fulfill the guarantee of fundamental rights that citizens have been guaranteed (Kirpal, et al, 2000). In certain cases that involve injury to persons, legal processes may be initiated in order to realize the dispute. These legal proceedings are referred to as Personal Injury Litigations. In a typical case, an individual filing for this type of a case seeks to be compensated for injuries. This type of litigation arises from the deliberate or negligent action by a given party that precipitates to the physical injury of another party. Many clients are advised to seek the advice of the PIAB (Personal Injuries Assessment Board) as a first step towards seeking compensatio n. The PIAB provides an assessment for victims of personal injury and are seeking compensation. It assesses victims of injury at the workplace, public liability accidents and motor accidents (Malcomson Law, 2008). Mesothelioma litigations are common litigations that focus on companies that expose their employees to asbestos without protecting them against it or without even warning them.

Program Notes About Musical Composers Music Essay

Program Notes About Musical Composers Music Essay Sweelinck was the last and most important composer of the musical era of the Netherlanders and one of the most famous organists and teachers of his time. None of his vocal works were set in his native language -they were mostly in French- and none of his sacred songs were written for public worship services but rather for private gatherings. Chantez à   Dieu is a setting of Psalm 96 as presented in the French Metric Psalter of Clà ©ment Marot and Thà ©odore de Bà ¨ze, later to be known as the Genevan Psalter. In this Psalter the Psalms are versified and assigned to a melody built from the church modes; Psalm 96 being assigned to a melody built in the Dorian mode. Sweelinck sets his polyphonic version in the style of the cantus firmus psalm, where the quoted melody is dispersed among different voices and interrupted by interludes that reference the original melody in rhythmic and melodic derivations. Chantez à   Dieu was published in Sweelincks Livre quatriesme et conclusionnal d es pseaumes de David in 1621, concluding thus his setting of all the Psalms shortly before his death. Sweelincks polyphonic setting of the complete Psalter is considered a monument of Netherlandish music and unequalled in the sacred polyphony of its time. Palestrina stands in music history as one of the towering composers of the 16th century and a very prolific composer of church music. The mastery and balance of his polyphonic style helped reconcile the functional and aesthetic aims of Catholic church music of the post-Tridentine era (after the Council of Trent), earning him the mythical status of savior of church music. Sicut Cervus is found in Palestrinas second book of motets for four voices, Moctetorum liber secundus (1584). Both the first and second books of motets for four voices depict the equilibrium in composition that has been seen as the hallmark of Palestrinas polyphony: successive melodic segments carefully crafted to create a well-balanced melodic motion, even in inner voices, and a control of dissonance that creates a texture of great purity and consistency of sonority. Sicut Cervus is a good example of such polyphony. Palestrina crafts the motet in a way in which the imitative lines are almost identical to each other and with melodic entrances on either the first or fifth scale degrees creating a very balanced and open sonority. Word painting is achieved with melismatic runs on the word aquarum implying the movement of the water, syncopated movement and entrances at the fourth and sixth scale degrees at desiderat implying the dramatic desire, and syncopated melismas in the first and fifth scale degrees to emphasize the word God at Deus. The Silver Swan (1612) Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625) Gibbons was one of the leading English composers of the early 17th century and a noted keyboard virtuoso. His reputation as a composer rests largely on his sacred works, which circulated widely and are still a part of the English sacred music repertory. The Silver Swan and almost all of his secular output are contained in his First Set of Madrigals and Motets (1612), work that demonstrates Gibbons affinity to the earlier tradition of the partsong and consort song. In The Silver Swan, Gibbons presents the ancient legend of the swan, who lives in silence all its life but breaks into beautiful singing moments before its death. Word painting is achieved by the use of polyphony, adding imitative lines to the initial homophonic structure and multiplying the recurrences of the lines as death approaches. The imitative lines disappear at the cadence of Leaning her breast against the reedy shore where a raised fourth and a lowered seventh create a poignant harmony resembling the death of the s wan and leave a mostly homophonic structure with one distinctive line, reminiscent of the swan, fading into the final cadence. Il bianco e dolce cigno (1593) Jacques Arcadelt (1507-1568) The eroticism of the poem becomes evident as the lyricist contrasts his own death to that of the mythical swan: while the swan literally dies, the poet suffers a figuratively kind of death, one that fills him with desire and would very willingly endure thousandfold a day! The piece is mostly homophonic and thus lends itself for text painting in various ways. A lowered seventh adds poignancy to the crying at ed io piangendo, a sudden short polyphonic section with a momentary resolution to the deceptive paints the blissfulness at io moro beato and, after another homophonic session, a sudden outburst of close imitative polyphony that actively layers melodies on top of each other creates the anxious excitement and intimacy of the daily thousand deaths. Il bianco e dolce cigno was published in Arcadelts Il primo libro di madrigali (1539). Though he excelled in other genres and also published four more collections of madrigals, Il primo libro di madrigali became his most well known work an d was very widely disseminated. Paintings of the time depict musicians playing Arcadelts compositions, portraying thus the acquired fame of the composer. Cantique de Jean Racine (1865) Gabriel Faurà © (1845-1924) Faurà ©s Cantique is a paraphrase of the Tuesday matins hymn Consors paternis luminis, traditionally ascribed to St. Ambrose, written by the 17th century poet and dramatist Jean Racine. Published in Nicolas Letorneuxs Brà ©viaire Romain en latin et franà §ais (1688), the poem was soon condemned as heretic and banned from liturgical practice due to its Jancenistic tendencies (differing theological movement). The ban was subsequently removed but the poem was never included in the Roman Breviary. Faurà © set the poem to music in 1865 and it earned him the first prize in composition during his last year as student at the École Niedermeyer. Though a very young work, Faures Cantique de Jean Racine does reflect the style tendencies that the composer would later adopt, paying very special attention to harmony and sonority for expressive purposes. From the initial key of Db major Faure travels to the mediant tonality of f minor when depicting the supplication of the penitent, highligh ting the phrase divine saviour in its momentary parallel major tonality of Ab, returning immediately to f minor to finish the anguished petition. Back in the original key Faurà © places the request of Gods grace in the tonality of Ab, now serving as dominant, and moves to the parallel minor key of b-flat minor when depicting hell and a languishing soul. At the end of the work Faurà © returns to the original Db that modulates to its dominant Ab when referencing God, achieving thus the following harmonic associations throughout the work: Db for the supplicant people, f and b-flat minor for anguish and hell, and the dominant Ab as divine references. O sacrum convivium (1937) Olivier Messiaen Messiaens compositional style reflects the modernism of his time and its quest to depart from traditional Western harmony: looking back into the Greek modes, devising his own modes of limited transposition, and eventually incorporating his ornithology research into his works using his transcriptions of bird songs into his own compositions. Attributed to St. Thomas Aquinas, the Latin text of O sacrum convivium was included in the ancient liturgy of the Liber Usualis as a Second Vespers antiphon for the Feast of Corpus Christi depicting the wonder of the sacrament of the Eucharist (Holy Communion). According to the doctrine of transubstantiation, the given wine and bread are transformed into the literal blood and body of Christ. In his setting of O sacrum convivium, Messiaen constructs the haunting, mysterious atmosphere of this transubstantiation devising a very open organum-like harmonization for the lower three voices in the key of F# and traveling very chromatically through the ton alities of the dominant, the supertonic, the sub-dominant and the tonic, creating thus an eerie, solemn effect for the peculiar event. Messiaen adds poignancy and mystery by creating a melody reminiscent of early chant and borrowed from from foreign keys, primarily the parallel minor, and placing it in the top voice; juxtaposing it thus against the organum-like structure and clashing against its harmonies. Spaseniye sodelal (1912) Pavel Chesnokov (1877-1944) Composed in 1912, Chesnokovs Spaseniye is one of the last sacred works of the composer. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 Chesnokov was forced to turn to the composition of secular music: under the new Communist rule artists were prohibited to produce any kind of sacred art. In 1933 the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, whose last choirmaster had been Chesnokov, was demolished to construct a government building for the Soviet regime; after this action Chesnokov stopped composing music altogether. Spaseniye is a setting of Psalm 74:12 based on a Kievan chant and composed as a Friday communion hymn of the Russian Orthodox Church liturgy. Chesnokovs setting of the Kievan chant is harmonized in the tonalities of D major and the parallel key of b minor. The openness of the harmonic structure derives from the heavy usage of fifths and octaves, spanning a range from the low B in the bass line to the high A in the soprano line, constructed in a very homophonic texture that highli ghts the melodic content and the harmonic effect of the open chords. O schà ¶ne Nacht (1877) Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) One of the most prominent composers of the Romantic era, Johannes Brahms excelled in several of the traditional genres. In addition to his great contributions in the instrumental forms, Brahms also produced a rich repertory of choral music and is best known in this genre for his Ein deutsches Requiem and his motets. O schà ¶ne Nacht (1877) is found in a compilation of quartets for singers and piano, Brahmss Vier Quartette fà ¼r vier Singstimmen und Klavier, Opus 62 (1884). In O schà ¶ne Nacht, the poet Georg Friederich Daumer draws upon elements from nature to depict a lovely night, full of the urgency of young romance, and perfectly suited for a passionate fulfillment. Brahms music reflects this atmosphere creating a syncopated rhythm that arpeggiates harmonies in the offbeats, creating thus the effect of urgency and anxiety, ironically contrasting the serene description of the lovely night. Brahms affinity for word painting is reflected in his masterful musical depiction of the eroticism of the text. When the nightingale is referenced the rhythmic speed increases and the melody takes more excited jumps resembling the mighty singing of the bird, the excitement finds rhythmic and harmonic release at the end of the phrase through sextuplet driven harmonies. The very next reference is that of the youth drawing close to his beloved, Brahms sets the imagery by having the male voices sing their line and adding the female voices imitatively, layering the female sound on top of the male and thus creating a twirling effect for the two sounds that is released at the word gently, word that is emphatically repeated in duple meter pulses and is harmonically fulfilled at the final exclamation of the lovely night. The final lovely night is now fulfilled as the offbeat pulse has been decreased by sustaining the same notes, as opposed to the former arpeggiated form, and as a melodic accompaniment in the bass line soothes and alleviates this final release into calmness.

Various law :: essays research papers

Charta Magna: agreement between king John and his barons laying down mutual rights and obligations as well as the position of the lower nobility and the church. (1215) Habeas Corpus: is an important remedy against unlawful commitment. (1679) Bill of rights: protects statements in either house of parliament granting parliament itself the power to fine or imprison those who abuse this privilege. It also prohibited the king to levy taxes or keep an army without permission of parliament. (1689) Act of settlement: Secured the succession of the throne after the death of William III who was king of England but who didn’t have any children. It gave the throne to Princess Sofia of Hannover and her heirs, being Protestants.(1700) Charles-Luis de Montesquieu : â€Å"De l’espiritu des lois† (1748) Jean-Jaques Rouseau is the author of: â€Å"discours sur l' origine el les fondaments de l' inegalite parmi les homes†(1754) â€Å"contrat social ou principes du droit† (1762) Independence of USA (1776) French Revolution (1784) Types of laws Statute laws: An act of the legislature of a state or country, declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a positive law; the written will of the legislature expressed with all the requisite forms of legislation; -- used in distinction from common law. Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives. In monarchies, legislature laws of the sovereign are called edicts, decrees, ordinances, rescripts, etc. In works on international law and in the Roman law, the term is used as embracing all laws imposed by competent authority. Statutes in this sense are divided into statutes real, statutes personal, and statutes mixed; statutes real applying to immovables; statutes personal to movables; and statutes mixed to both classes of property. Statute book: a record of laws or legislative acts. Federal Laws: Rules that are applied on a federal level International Laws: A set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations. Also called law of nations. These are the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. By-laws: A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government.

An A student

So much so that common phrases such as â€Å"An easy ‘A'† and â€Å"An ‘A' for effort† have emerged, while others insist that an â€Å"A† is closer to perfection Han it is to â€Å"a good effort†. Grades are supposed to be a numerical/letter representation of ones academic progress in a course or lesson. But more often than not, good grades become a goal and not a reward; thus students are striving for grades and not the knowledge which they represent. In his article â€Å"Making the Grade†, Kurt Westfield points out that students are often undeserving granted good grades.This allows the same students to graduate with a degree and find a Job, without the actual knowledge needed to strive in their field. Similarly, he then goes on to note that these under-qualified students that are now in the workplace aren't ready for the tasks at hand. Universities are sending students into their careers with the same immediate they had throughout chor eographs, find the quick and easy way to get the Job done. Consequently, Jobs and projects could be done incorrectly or left incomplete. The difference is, though, that when these real world Jobs are incomplete or incorrect, they can create real world problems and difficulties.The grading system was made with the intention that it would accurately reflect a dents performance in a class. It's commonly believed that if a student understands a subject well, they deserve an â€Å"A†. But for a student to actually deserve that grade, they must also complete the entire workload, whether they know they information or not. The grade in the class is determined by the amount of work the student completes correctly, and this is where the controversy starts. Some argue that if a student demonstrates that he/she understands the given subject, he/she should be given a passing grade (whether their work was completed or not).Others argue that if a student truly works their hardest and gives a strong effort in the class, they deserve a passing grade (whether their work was correct or not). At the end of the day though, if searching for a simple â€Å"A† grade in a class, one must be willing to work and study for that class, and complete each assignment with accuracy (easier said than done, of course! ). The source of the problem resides in the earliest years of the school system. Starting from a young age, students are being taught and prepared for the next school year instead of for life.Elementary school students are being prepared for adolescent, meddlesomeness are being prepared for householders, householders for college, etc. Each year of schooling teaches you Just enough to get through the next year. The problem is, though, that by the time the student reaches college he/ she is not ready for life as an adult, only for more school. Meaning that students are going into college with the idea that they need to pass, and not the idea that they need to be prepar ing for their future. Students aren't realizing that what they are learning is essential for their Job until it's too late and they are unable to perform.

Scholarship letter 2015 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Scholarship letter 2015 Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers People often say money isnt everything however this true. Money is a major part in gaining a college education. Therefore as an upcoming college freshman I wish to obtain any scholarship I can. I am from Missouri City, Texas unlike some students home is not around the corner. Secondly, I come from a very larger family and this fall my parents will have two students in college. Lastly, I dont desire to take out any loans if I dont need to. Money is not everything but I need it to start my new chapter in life. I plan to obtain my PHD in chemistry then farther my education as I go into physical therapy school. After I become a great physical therapist I will then start to train others and start an internship program. In my program I will teach and train the interns to the best of my abilities and at the end of the program I will have a job waiting for them. I plan to gain an education and teach others so I can bless them as I was bless. I want to become a physical therapist because they help God heal those who need to be healed from there body to their soul. At times there is just one check rolling in for the bills. Honestly I need to take as much pressure off my family as possible. It might sound bad now but my family just came across their struggle we all have them. My family believes in education, my parents have bachelor degrees and my brother and sister are obtaining degrees as well. I have big shoes to fill as you can see and my parents have plans to see me soar. Therefore, I wont let them down which is another reason I will stay in school and achieve my goals.

Vital Areas of the Brain essays

Vital Areas of the Brain essays The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control center of the body. The brain is a soft, wrinkled mass of tissue weighing about 2.75 pounds and has a whitish-pink appearance. The human brain is the most complex organ known to man, made up of different intricate parts. These different structures are all important in the everyday activities of all human beings. In speaking of the most important parts of the brain I feel it necessary to start at the bottom portion of the brain, the brain stem. The brain stem rises from the top of the spinal cord, and holds the pons and the medulla, also at the core of the brain stem is the reticular activating system. The brain stem is such an important part of the brain because of the three parts found within. The pons is responsible for such things as sleeping, walking, and dreaming. If this crucial part of the brain were missing impaired coordination of movement and posture would be the result. The most important part of the brain stem is the medulla, responsible for functions of the body that can be performed unconsciously such as breathing and heart rate. The medulla is such a vital part of the brain that if the medullas well-being is compromised the just mentioned functions are compromised and death may occur as a result. The other part of the brain stem is the reticular activating system, a dense ne twork of neurons that filter incoming information and arouse the higher areas of the brain to respond accordingly when needed to. Without this valuable piece of the brain stem we could not respond to alerting circumstances and may not be able to stay conscious. A part of the brain that I believe to be extremely important is the thalamus. The thalamus directs motor impulses from higher areas of the brain to the spinal cord, an ...

Faisal- Entrepreneurship and New Enterprise Creation Essay

Faisal- Entrepreneurship and New Enterprise Creation - Essay Example Dated: _________________ Student’s Signature Entrepreneurship and New Enterprise Creation Introduction We cannot help acknowledging as we look around ourselves that everything we own, eat, drink and make use of for different daily activities are the products of some business enterprise or the other. This fact being established as an irrefutable truth, it shows the power and importance that businesses, large or small, have in our lives. Even if we are not in the least concerned with the nuts and bolts of how a business operates in the real world, we must nevertheless go out of our houses and buy or sell something of value to the world in order to survive. Few of us have the satisfaction of running our own business enterprise or marketing our own services or products. The vast majority of humankind chooses to work for a business enterprise or an entrepreneur who pays them a weekly, fortnightly or monthly remuneration for rendering their services in his business enterprise. ... Entrepreneur or Business Owner- Is There a Difference? Although most of us would assume that entrepreneurs and the owners of a business are very much the same, the truth could be remarkably different. In the last 100 years or so, capitalists have used their wealth to accumulate more wealth and prosperity by investing in a good business idea or capitalizing upon an opportunity to fulfill a need. They usually use the services of entrepreneurs to hit upon a good idea. Indeed some of these people even ask for good ideas through the newspaper- they are known as venture capitalists. Let us consider an inventor or scientist who has invented a system to convert waste water into drinking water. He wants to perfect this system and patent and market it on a large scale. If he does not have any assets and is finding it difficult to raise a bank loan for this purpose, he can go to a venture capitalist and show that person his idea (Sahlman et al, 1999). If deemed practicable and profitable, the v enture capitalist may buy out his idea, get it patented and marketed on a large scale so that it is useful and profitable. Here the venture capitalist is playing the role of both capitalist and entrepreneur- getting a useful idea out into the world stage. Good and innovative ideas worth patenting are worth millions of dollars sometimes. At other times, business operations may be contracted out to other experts who have the skills but no access to capital. So it is not necessary that the business owner and entrepreneur be one and the same. I have asked Mr. Andrew Cavendish, owner and partner in the business Creative Furnitures, whether he regards himself as an owner or an entrepreneur. Andrew feels he started out as more of

Healthcare post merger analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Healthcare post merger analysis - Essay Example Consolidation in this industry is essential for its sustainable growth in the long run and to meet the emerging challenges in the industry in terms of huge investment and infrastructural facilities needed to cope up with the increased demand in the society for healthcare services. Evaluation of financial performance Study by Healy, Palepu & Ruback (1990) found that â€Å"The results indicate that merged firms have significant improvements in asset productivity relative to their industries after the merger, leading to higher post-merger operating cash flow returns.† The criteria for evaluating financial performance of the organizations post-merger are multifarious depending upon the type of organization and its objectives. However, in a typical company running on profit basis, return on investment post merger is an important criterion for evaluation of financial performance from the shareholders’ point of view. There are mergers also taking place between for profit and n ot for profit organizations. Financial and operating ratios as performance measures are adopted by the organizations for industry comparison as well as comparison with the historical performance. Of which, the following are the important ratios used for measuring performance in term of profitability. Return on assets : Net Income / Total Assets Return on equity : Net Income / Shareholders’ equity Return on capital employed : Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT)/(Equity + Debt) Similarly, Earnings per Share (EPS), liquidity ratios, Cash flow ratios can be calculated for analysis and comparison. Budgetary analysis as a tool for evaluation will be effective as it reveals variances. This will enable the management to compare actual with the budgeted performance for exploring the reasons for variances and take corrective actions wherever necessary. Kumar (2012) stated â€Å"Between 1985 and 2007, 51 large companies in the industry consolidated into only 10 organizations†¦ they are effective methods of cutting costs.† Reduction in number of employees post merger, legal expenses, management cost and marketing costs are some of the areas where cost cutting is possible in the merged entity. Determinants of financial results post-merger It is important to determine whether or not the merger generated favourable financial results for the organization post merger. Section of Antitrust Law (2003, p.7-8) states â€Å"The size of the geographic will determine the number of competitors in the market, their market shares, and the likelihood of anticompetitive effects. Geographic definition issues have determined the outcome of the majority of hospital merger decisions.† Apart from improvements in operational performance due to synergies created in merger and environmental factors, it is important to note that the method of accounting, for example, purchase or acquisition method adopted for merger or type of financing (equity or debt) the merger has significant impact on the results of the merged organization from investment angle. Therefore, instead of profitability ratios, adopting pretax cash flows and increase or decrease thereof,